Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz". World Flora Online. The World Flora Online Consortium. n.d . Retrieved September 25, 2020. Dewey DR, Lu K (1959) A Correlation and path-coefficient analysis of components of crested wheatgrass seed production. Agron J 51:515–518. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1959.00021962005100090002x

Padmaja PG, Kalaisekar A, Tonapi VA, Madhusudhana R (2022) A multi-season analysis of barnyard millet ( Echinochloa frumentacea) germplasm lines for shoot fly resistance and multi-trait stability. Plant Breeding 141(3):399–407 Bajwa AA, Jabran K, Shahid M et al (2015) Eco-biology and management of Echinochloa crus-galli. Crop Prot 75:151–162 Liu X, Jones MK, Zhao Z, Liu G, O’Connell TC (2012) The earliest evidence of millet as a staple crop: new light on Neolithic foodways in North China. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22127 Hilu KW (1994) Evidence from RAPD markers in the evolution of Echinochloa millets (Poaceae). Plant Syst Evol 189:247–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00939730 Kumari P, Kajla P, Kaushik D (2021) Barnyard millet—composition, properties, health benefits and food applications. Handbook of cereals Roots and Tubers. CRC Press, pp 149–156Nagarajan L, Smale M (2007) Village seed systems and the biological diversity of millet crops in marginal environments of India. Euphytica 155:167–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9319-9 Browntop Millet" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2018. Koerner, T. B.; Cleroux, C; Poirier, C; Cantin, I; La Vieille, S; Hayward, S; Dubois, S (2013). "Gluten contamination of naturally gluten-free flours and starches used by Canadians with celiac disease". Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 30 (12): 2017–21. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2013.840744. PMID 24124879. S2CID 24336942. Michaelraj PSJ, Shanmugam A (2013) A study on millets based cultivation and consumption in India. Int J Market Financ Serv Manag Res 2:49–58 Gupta A, Mahajan V, Kumar M, Gupta HS (2009) Biodiversity in the barnyard millet ( Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Poaceae) germplasm in India. Genet Resour Crop Evol 56:883–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9462-y

Hoshino T, Nakamura T, Seimiya Y, Kamada T, Ishikawa G, Ogasawara A, Sagawa S, Satto M, Shimizu H, Nishi M, Watanabe M, Takeda J, Takahata Y (2010) Production of a full waxy line and analysis of waxy genes in the allohexaploid crop, Japanese barnyard millet. Plant Breed 129:349–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01668.x Research on millets is carried out by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) [32] [33] [34] and ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research [35] in Telangana, India, and by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service at Tifton, Georgia, United States. [36] Cultivation [ edit ] Wanous MK (1990) Origin, taxonomy and ploidy of the millets and minor cereals. Plant Var Seeds 3:99–112 Dhanalakshmi R, Subramanian A, Thirmurugan T, Elangovan M, Kalaimagal T (2019) Genetic diversity study in barnyard millet ( Echinochloa Frumentacea (ROXB.) LINK) germplasm under sodic soil condition. Plant Arch 19:2487–2494 Millets ( / ˈ m ɪ l ɪ t s/) [1] are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most species generally referred to as millets belong to the tribe Paniceae, but some millets also belong to various other taxa. [ citation needed]Gupta P, Raghuvanshi S, Tyagi AK (2001) Assessment of the efficiency of various gene promoters via biolistics in leaf and regenerating seed callus of millets, Eleusine coracana and Echinochloa crusgalli. Plant Biotechnol 18:275–282. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.275 The timing and water ratio mentioned here yields soft and fluffy millet perfect for “variety-rice” recipes. But if you prefer a soft texture, increase the water to 2 cups and cooking time for a couple of minutes. Sood S, Khulbe RK, Saini N, Gupta A, Agrawal PK (2014) Interspecific hybrid between Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese barnyard millet) and E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet)—a new avenue for genetic enhancement of barnyard millet. Electron J Plant Breed 5:248–253 Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia. [37] Millets are not only adapted to poor, dry infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops. This has, in part, made millet production popular, particularly in countries surrounding the Sahara in western Africa. [ citation needed] Srivastava U, Saini P, Singh A et al (2021) Enhancement in iron and folate by optimizing fermentation of barnyard millet by Lactobacillus plantarum using response surface methodology (rsm). Plant Arch 21:993–1005

Nesbitt, Mark; Summers, Geoffrey (January 1988). "Some Recent Discoveries of Millet (Panicum miliaceum L. and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) at Excavations in Turkey and Iran". Anatolian Studies. 38 (38): 85–97. doi: 10.2307/3642844. JSTOR 3642844. S2CID 84670275 . Retrieved 25 February 2019. Crawford, Gary W. (1992). "Prehistoric Plant Domestication in East Asia". In Cowan C.W.; Watson P.J (eds.). The Origins of Agriculture: An International Perspective. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp.117–132. ISBN 978-0-87474-990-8. Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world, with consumption being the highest in Western Africa. In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in Burkina Faso, Chad and the Gambia. In Mali and Senegal, millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in Niger and arid Namibia it is over 65 percent (see mahangu). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include Ethiopia, Nigeria and Uganda. Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as a food in parts of some countries, such as China, India, Burma and North Korea. [7] Mohan M, Nair S, Bhagwat A, Krishna TG, Yano M, Bhatia CR, Sasaki T (1997) Genome mapping, molecular markers and marker-assisted selection in crop plants. Mol Breed 3:87–103. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009651919792Yabuno T (1987) Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis, Poaceae) in Japan. Econ Bot 41:484–493