The colonies relied heavily on imports from England for survival. The official currency of the colonies was the British pound, but the unofficial currency and most readily accepted trade good was rum. The early economy relied on barter for exchange, an issue which Lachlan Macquarie (Governor from 1810 to 1821) tried to fix first by introducing Spanish dollars, and then by establishing the Bank of New South Wales with the authority to issue financial instruments. [78] Barter continued, however, until shipments of sterling in the late 1820s enabled a move to a monetary economy. [79] A colony commonly known as the Swan River Colony was founded in the remainder of Australia outside of New South Wales. [8] Most documents calling for the colony's foundation make no mention of a name, apart from its location at the "Port on the Western Coast of New Holland, at the Mouth of the River called 'Swan River', with the adjacent Territory", [9] and that a settlement should be formed "within the Territory of 'Western Australia'". [10] However, the law calling for the creation of the colony does appear to specify that it should be called "Western Australia". [11]

Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Protestant. [90] The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800—James Harold, James Dixon, and Peter O'Neill, who had been convicted for "complicity" in the Irish 1798 Rebellion. Dixon was conditionally emancipated and permitted to celebrate Mass. On 15 May 1803, in vestments made from curtains and with a chalice made of tin, he conducted the first Catholic Mass in New South Wales. [90] Escalating frontier conflict in the 1820s and 1830s saw colonial governments develop a number of policies aimed at protecting Aboriginal people. Protectors of Aborigines were appointed in South Australia and the Port Phillip District in 1839, and in Western Australia in 1840. While the aim was to extend the protection of British law to Aboriginal people, more often the result was an increase in their criminalisation. Protectors were also responsible for the distribution of rations, delivering elementary education to Aboriginal children, instruction in Christianity and training in occupations useful to the colonists. However, by 1857 the protection offices had been closed due to their cost and failure to meets their goals. [46] [47] In 1820, British settlement was largely confined to a 100 kilometre radius around Sydney and to the central plain of Van Diemen's land. The settler population was 26,000 on the mainland and 6,000 in Van Diemen's Land. [29]

William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association (Australia's first political party) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales. He had petitioned the British government for self-determination in 1827. [1] The reformist attorney general, John Plunkett, sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony, pursuing the establishment of equality before the law, first by extending jury rights to emancipists, then by extending legal protections to convicts, assigned servants and Aboriginal peoples. Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aboriginal people with murder, resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans, Catholics, Presbyterians and later Methodists. [67] Representative government [ edit ] Opening of Australia's first elected Parliament in Sydney, 1843 The British government decided that the EIC could no longer be left with complete control of Britain’s business in India. They passed the 1784 India Act which gave Parliament at Westminster and the EIC joint control of British India. From 1788 until the 1850s, the governance of the colonies, including most policy decision-making, was largely in the hands of the governors, who were directly responsible to the government in London ( Home Office until 1794; War Office until 1801; and War and Colonial Office until 1854). [1] The first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, was given executive and legislative powers to establish courts, military forces, fight enemies, give out land grants, and regulate the economy. [1] [52] In early colonial times, Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors. Richard Johnson, Anglican chaplain to the First Fleet, was charged by the governor, Arthur Phillip, with improving "public morality" in the colony, but he was also heavily involved in health and education. [88] The Reverend Samuel Marsden (1765–1838) had magisterial duties, and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts. He became known as the "flogging parson" for the severity of his punishments. [89]

Kemp (2018)One outcome of Bigge’s reports was the declaration of Van Diemen’s Land as a separate colony. This was formally undertaken by Sir Ralph Darling when he arrived in Australia as Governor to succeed Brisbane in 1825. Darling was to remain Governor of both settlements, being represented in Van Diemen’s Land by a lieutenant-governor. In 1700, Australia was part of the British Empire and traded with the British Empire. The British Empire was a global trade empire and the largest in the world. The British Empire controlled a large portion of the world’s trade, including the trade between the colonies and the mother country. The British Empire was also a major source of investment for the colonies. In the first two years of settlement the Aboriginal people of Sydney, after initial curiosity, mostly avoided the newcomers. In November 1790, 18 months after the smallpox epidemic that had devastated the Aboriginal population, Bennelong led the survivors of several clans into Sydney. [41] Bungaree, a Kuringgai man, joined Matthew Flinders in his circumnavigation of Australia from 1801 to 1803, playing an important role as emissary to the various Indigenous peoples they encountered. [42] As a full-time traveller, and having been born in the UK, I am here to answer your question and provide a guide to Australia’s history with the United Kingdom. Is Australia Part Of The UK?The New South Wales Act 1823 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom established the first legislative body in Australia, the New South Wales Legislative Council, as an appointed body of five to seven members to advise the Governor of New South Wales. [54] However, the new body had limited powers of oversight. [54] The act also established the Supreme Court of New South Wales, which had power over the executive. [55] Before a Governor could propose a law before the council, the Chief Justice had to certify that it was not against English law, creating a form of judicial review. [56] However, there was no separation of powers, with Chief Justice Francis Forbes also serving in the Legislative Council as well as the Governor's Executive Council. [57] The Executive Council had been founded in 1825, and was composed of leading officials in the colony. [58] Each month, you’ll get regular features with your digital subscription including, ‘Classic Scene’ - reliving iconic moments from an all-time classic, ‘My Movie Mastermind’ - where popular actors and directors are quizzed on films they’ve featured and ‘Re.View’ - the lowdown on all the latest DVD and Blu-Ray releases and news. Since time immemorial in Australia, its indigenous people had performed the rites and rituals of the totemic belief system of The Dreaming. [85] The permanent presence of Christianity in Australia however, came with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788. As a British colony, the predominant Christian denomination was the Church of England, but one tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic, and at least half of them were born in Ireland.

History & Tradition". St Vincent's Hospital. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 July 2013. The half of New South Wales north of 26° south was made Henry Reynolds points out that government officials and ordinary settlers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries frequently used words such as "invasion" and "warfare" to describe their presence and relations with Aboriginal Australians. [36] Reynolds argues that armed resistance by Aboriginal people to white encroachments amounted to guerrilla warfare, beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth. In the early years of colonisation, David Collins, the senior legal officer in the Sydney settlement, wrote of the local Aboriginal people: Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788–1822". In The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1. pp. 117–19 Once independence was gained by Australia, it marked the end of the country being part of UK rule and Australia grew to become the country we know and love today.

Who Truly Discovered Australia?

From the 1820s squatters increasingly established unauthorised cattle and sheep runs beyond the official limits of the settled colony. In 1836, a system of annual licences authorising grazing on Crown Land was introduced in an attempt to control the pastoral industry, but booming wool prices and the high cost of land in the settled areas encouraged further squatting. By 1844 wool accounted for half of the colony's exports and by 1850 most of the eastern third of New South Wales was controlled by fewer than 2,000 pastoralists. [83] [84] Religion, education, and culture [ edit ] St James' Church, Sydney, about 1836. It was designed by Francis Greenway and still stands. Religion [ edit ] Narrator: By 1913, the British had built an empire which ruled over 400 million people and covered a quarter of the Earth’s surface. The empire brought Britain wealth, power and influence. However, for the people that were colonised, it brought violence, disease and famine. 1838 was the second year of Queen Victoria’s reign. Looking at this single year, we can get a sense of the different experiences of life in the British Empire. The Right to Vote in Australia". Australian Electoral Commission. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013. King, Robert J. (2003). "Norfolk Island: Phantasy and Reality, 1770–1814". The Great Circle. 25 (2): 20–41. ISSN 0156-8698. JSTOR 41563142.