In 2001, Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for stress fractures and tendon avulsions in theropod dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior. Since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by regular behavior than other types of injuries. Of the 81 Tyrannosaurus foot bones examined in the study, one was found to have a stress fracture, while none of the 10 hand bones were found to have stress fractures. The researchers found tendon avulsions only among Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. An avulsion injury left a divot on the humerus of Sue the T.rex, apparently located at the origin of the deltoid or teres major muscles. The presence of avulsion injuries being limited to the forelimb and shoulder in both Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus suggests that theropods may have had a musculature more complex than and functionally different from those of birds. The researchers concluded that Sue's tendon avulsion was probably obtained from struggling prey. The presence of stress fractures and tendon avulsions, in general, provides evidence for a "very active" predation-based diet rather than obligate scavenging. [217] The pelvis was a large structure. Its upper bone, the ilium, was both very long and high, providing an extensive attachment area for hindlimb muscles. The front pubic bone ended in an enormous pubic boot, longer than the entire shaft of the element. The rear ischium was slender and straight, pointing obliquely to behind and below. [50]

Life finds a way.” Those famous words from Jeff Goldblum’s Ian Malcolm in the original Jurassic Park have been quoted, paraphrased, and meme-ified ad infinitum. But they take on a new ominous meaning in the first full trailer for this summer’s anticipated Jurassic World: Dominion. Carpenter, K. (1992). "Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America". In Mateer, N. J.; Chen, P.-j. (eds.). Aspects of nonmarine Cretaceous geology. Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp.250–268. ISBN 978-7-5027-1463-5. OCLC 28260578. A single bite of Tyrantrum's massive jaws will demolish a car. This Pokémon was the king of the ancient world. Carr T.D., Napoli J.G., Brusatte S.L., Holtz T.R., Hone D.W.E., Williamson T.E. & Zanno L.E. (2022). "Insufficient Evidence for Multiple Species of Tyrannosaurus in the Latest Cretaceous of North America: A Comment on "The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus"". Evolutionary Biology 49(3): p. 314-341: doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09573-1 Carr, T. D.; Williamson, T. E. (2004). "Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 142 (4): 479–523. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00130.x.

Larson (2005). "A case for Nanotyrannus." In "The origin, systematics, and paleobiology of Tyrannosauridae", a symposium hosted jointly by Burpee Museum of Natural History and Northern Illinois University. a b c Bakker, R. T. (1986). The Dinosaur Heresies. New York: Kensington Publishing. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-688-04287-5. OCLC 13699558. A debate exists, however, about whether Tyrannosaurus was primarily a predator or a pure scavenger. The debate originated in a 1917 study by Lambe which argued that large theropods were pure scavengers because Gorgosaurus teeth showed hardly any wear. [189] This argument disregarded the fact that theropods replaced their teeth quite rapidly. Ever since the first discovery of Tyrannosaurus most scientists have speculated that it was a predator; like modern large predators it would readily scavenge or steal another predator's kill if it had the opportunity. [190]

Gilmore, C. W. (1946). "A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 106: 1–19. Empire Magazine - Access All Areas: Jurassic World, Archived from https://web.archive.org/web/20150609212747/http://www.empireonline.com/jurassicworld/ Sue's vital statistics". Sue at the Field Museum. Field Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved September 15, 2007.a b Breithaupt, B. H.; Southwell, E. H.; Matthews, N. A. (October 15, 2005). "In Celebration of 100 years of Tyrannosaurus rex: Manospondylus gigas, Ornithomimus grandis, and Dynamosaurus imperiosus, the Earliest Discoveries of Tyrannosaurus rex in the West". Abstracts with Programs; 2005 Salt Lake City Annual Meeting. Geological Society of America. 37 (7): 406. ISSN 0016-7592. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012 . Retrieved October 8, 2008. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Brochu, C. R. (2003). "Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoirs. 7: 1–138. doi: 10.2307/3889334. JSTOR 3889334.

a b Elbein, Asher (February 28, 2022). "They Want to Break T. Rex Into 3 Species. Other Paleontologists Aren't Pleased". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2022 . Retrieved March 1, 2022. The T-Rex Pro's display does a great job of getting bright in direct sun and dim in low-light situations. a b Holtz, T. R. Jr. (March 19, 2013) [Lecture held March 8, 2013]. The Life and Times of Tyrannosaurus rex, with Dr. Thomas Holtz (Lecture). Seattle, WA: Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 . Retrieved October 12, 2013. Brusatte, Stephen L.; Carr, Thomas D.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Holtz, Thomas R.; Hone, David W.E.; Williams, Scott A. (2016). "Dentary groove morphology does not distinguish 'Nanotyrannus' as a valid taxon of tyrannosauroid dinosaur. Comment on: "Distribution of the dentary groove of theropod dinosaurs: Implications for theropod phylogeny and the validity of the genus Nanotyrannus Bakker et al., 1988" " (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 65: 232–237. Bibcode: 2016CrRes..65..232B. doi: 10.1016/J.CRETRES.2016.02.007. hdl: 20.500.11820/f1e76074-47eb-4c25-b4c1-a3782551fd5a. S2CID 56090258.The largest known T. rex skulls measure up to 1.54 meters (5ft) in length. [20] [31] Large fenestrae (openings) in the skull reduced weight, as in all carnivorous theropods. In other respects Tyrannosaurus's skull was significantly different from those of large non- tyrannosaurid theropods. It was extremely wide at the rear but had a narrow snout, allowing unusually good binocular vision. [44] [45] The skull bones were massive and the nasals and some other bones were fused, preventing movement between them; but many were pneumatized (contained a "honeycomb" of tiny air spaces) and thus lighter. These and other skull-strengthening features are part of the tyrannosaurid trend towards an increasingly powerful bite, which easily surpassed that of all non-tyrannosaurids. [46] [47] [48] The tip of the upper jaw was U-shaped (most non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V-shaped upper jaws), which increased the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite, although it also increased the stresses on the front teeth. [49] Skull replica of specimen "Sue", showing dentition

A 2021 study focused on the vision and hearing of the small theropod Shuvuuia, to which Tyrannosaurus was compared suggests that Tyrannosaurus was diurnal and would have hunted predominantly during daylight hours, a feature it shared with Dromaeosaurus, a third dinosaur compared to Shuvuuia in the study. [197] [198] The damage to the tail vertebrae of this Edmontosaurus annectens skeleton (on display at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science) indicates that it may have been bitten by a Tyrannosaurus I don't know for sure if this is a feature or a bug, but when trying to register a blood oxygen saturation reading, I have to be very, very still, and the watch has to be really tight. For other devices I have used that offer SpO2 reading, I have not had the same issue. I can't get consistent measurements because unless I am specifically trying to take a reading, I cannot hold still long enough, and the strap is far too tight to be comfortable. Grant owns a Tyrantrum. It was first used to try and stop the ultimate weapon from activating in Pyroar Breathes.In 2006, Montana State University revealed that it possessed the largest Tyrannosaurus skull yet discovered (from a specimen named MOR 008), measuring 5 feet (152cm) long. [20] Subsequent comparisons indicated that the longest head was 136.5 centimetres (53.7in) (from specimen LACM 23844) and the widest head was 90.2 centimetres (35.5in) (from Sue). [21] Footprints Probable footprint from New Mexico The king of the ancient world, it can easily crunch a car with the devastating strength of its enormous jaws. Even if T. rex does exhibit evidence of homeothermy, it does not necessarily mean that it was endothermic. Such thermoregulation may also be explained by gigantothermy, as in some living sea turtles. [137] [138] [139] Similar to contemporary crocodilians, openings (dorsotemporal fenestrae) in the skull roofs of Tyrannosaurus may have aided thermoregulation. [140] Soft tissue T.rex femur (MOR 1125) from which demineralized matrix and peptides (insets) were obtained