Originally published in 1999 and updated every 5years, the established Renal Drug Handbook provides pertinent information on medication dosing in patients with various stages of renal dysfunction. The editorial members are also part of the UK Renal Pharmacy Group as well as active renal practitioners. Connor JP, Curry JM, Selby TL, Perlmutter AD. Acute renal failure secondary to ciprofloxacin use. J Urol. 1994;151(4):975–6. Abdullah A, Ahmad N, Atif M, Khan S, Wahid A, Ahmad I et al. Treatment Outcomes of Childhood Tuberculosis in Three Districts of Balochistan, Pakistan: Findings from a Retrospective Cohort Study.J Trop Pediatr. 2020. Blood Results in Clinical Practice: A Practical Guide to Interpreting Blood Test Results - 2nd ed. (2019) Bilge U, Sahin G, Unluoglu I, Ipek M, Durdu M, Keskin A. Inappropriate use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other drugs in chronic kidney disease patients without renal replacement therapy. Ren Fail. 2013;35(6):906–10.

Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy in Manufacture, Formulation and Clinical Use - 6th ed. (2016) A universally-trusted resource, this edition of The Renal Drug Handbook contains over 800 drug monographs comprising prescribing information for clinical and medicines information pharmacists. Physical Examination Procedures for Advanced Practitioners and Non-Medical Prescribers - 2nd ed. (2015) Akbar Z, Rehman S, Khan A, Khan A, Atif M, Ahmad N. Potential drug–drug interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases: findings from a prospective observational study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021;14(1):1–9.Getachew H, Tadesse Y, Shibeshi W. Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Nephrol. 2015;16(1):1–9. Mason NA. Polypharmacy and medication-related complications in the chronic kidney disease patient. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20(5):492–7. Hassan Z, Ali I, Ullah AR, Ahmed R, Zar A, Ullah I et al. Assessment of medication Dosage Adjustment in Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.Cureus.2021;13(2).

Purpose: This is the ultimate prescribing guide for nephrologists or physicians who encounter patients with renal impairment. It provides concise drug information and describes how to appropriately prescribe and administer the medications in this patient population. Kidny Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Anemia guideline. 2012; Available at: https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/KDIGO-2012-Anemia-Guideline-English.pdf. Accessed 20 November 2022. Beldhuis IE, Myhre PL, Claggett B, Damman K, Fang JC, Lewis EF, et al. Efficacy and safety of spironolactone in patients with HFpEF and chronic kidney disease. JACC: Heart Fail. 2019;7(1):25–32. Watanabe JH, McInnis T, Hirsch JD. Cost of prescription drug–related morbidity and mortality. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;52(9):829–37.Gulalai, Ahmad N, Wahid A, Khan A, Atif M, Khan A. Evaluation of management and factors associated with hypertension control in hemodialysis patients at a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan. Drugs Ther Perspect. 2020;36(9):396–403. Rossing P, Caramori ML, Chan JC, Heerspink HJ, Hurst C, Khunti K, et al. KDIGO 2022 clinical practice guideline for diabetes management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2022;102(5):1–S127.

Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation: a Practical Guide from Candidate Drug Selection to Commercial Dosage Form - 2nd ed. (2009) British National Formulary 83 March –. September 2022; Available at: https://nhathuocngocanh.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/BNF-83-British-National-Formulary-in-2022.pdf. Accessed 8 December 2022.Initiative KDOQ. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:1–S290. Pannu N, Nadim MK. An overview of drug-induced acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(4):216–S223.

Sheen SS, Choi JE, Park RW, Kim EY, Lee YH, Kang UG. Overdose rate of drugs requiring renal dose adjustment: data analysis of 4 years prescriptions at a tertiary teaching hospital. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23:423–8. Hasan M, Sutradhar I, Gupta RD, Sarker M. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in South Asia: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):1–12. Description: Drug dosing for different stages of renal insufficiency can be challenging. Patients can succumb to toxicities from inadequate clearance, resulting in accumulation of the drug metabolites and leading to increased vulnerability to adverse effects. This is a preventable state if clinicians have the knowledge, if not in detail, about drug pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. This is the fifth edition of a handbook that provides well-structured guidance on prescribing drugs for patients with renal insufficiency and patients on renal replacement therapy. Sweileh WM, Janem SA, Sawalha AF, Abu-Taha AS, Zyoud SeH, Sabri IA, et al. Medication dosing errors in hospitalized patients with renal impairment: a study in Palestine. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(8):908–12.

Summary

Hassan Y, Al-Ramahi RJ, Aziz NA, Ghazali R. Drug use and dosing in chronic kidney disease. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2009;38(12):1095–103. Neerkin J, Brennan M, Jamal H. Use of opioids in patients with impaired renal function. In.: Nottingham, Engl: Palliativedrugs. com;2012. The present study is a cross-sectional analytical study conducted at the nephrology outpatient department (OPD) of Sandeman Provincial Hospital (SPH) in Quetta, Balochistan. SPH is a large tertiary care hospital in the province, consisting of 800 beds and serving approximately 8000–10,000 patients daily [ 19, 20]. Study patients Biologics, Biosimilars and Biobetters: An Introduction for Pharmacists, Physicians and other Health Practitioners(2021)