The Last Colony: A Tale of Exile, Justice and Britain’s Colonial Legacy

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Macmillan gave a speech in Cape Town, South Africa in February 1960 where he spoke of "the wind of change blowing through this continent". [241] Macmillan wished to avoid the same kind of colonial war that France was fighting in Algeria, and under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly. [242] To the three colonies that had been granted independence in the 1950s—Sudan, the Gold Coast and Malaya—were added nearly ten times that number during the 1960s. [243] Owing to the rapid pace of decolonisation during this period, the cabinet post of Secretary of State for the Colonies was abolished in 1966, along with the Colonial Office, which merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office to form the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (now the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office) in October 1968. [244]

Combs, Jerald A. (2008). The History of American Foreign Policy: From 1895. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-2056-9. Howe, Stephen (2010). "Colonising and Exterminating? Memories of Imperial Violence in Britain and France". Histoire Politique. 11 (2): 13–15. doi: 10.3917/hp.011.0012. Anguilla declared independence from St Kitts and Nevis in 1967, following the Anguillan Revolution; in favour of returning to British authority in 1971 with full British Crown Colony status (renamed in 2002 as British Overseas Territory status) returning in 1980. Brown, D. E. (1 February 1984). "Brunei on the Morrow of Independence". Far Eastern Survey. 24 (2): 201–208. doi: 10.2307/2644439. JSTOR 2644439. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020 . Retrieved 15 November 2011. McLean, Iain (2001). Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829529-7. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2009.

India

Parsons, Timothy H. (1999). The British Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A World History Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-8825-8. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2009. Booth, Robert (11 March 2020). "UK more nostalgic for empire than other ex-colonial powers". The Guardian . Retrieved 29 June 2022. Former British crown colonies that declared independence then later restored British rule [ edit ] Country Winks, Robin (1999). Winks, Robin (ed.). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.40–42. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.001.0001. ISBN 9780198205661. In 1919, the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led the MPs of Sinn Féin, a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats in the 1918 British general election, to establish an independent parliament in Dublin, at which Irish independence was declared. The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration. [173] The Irish War of Independence ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, creating the Irish Free State, a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown. [174] Northern Ireland, consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom. [175] George V with British and Dominion prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference

He does this in the context of his own journey of discovery about postwar human rights that led him, for example, to be a critical voice in the investigations of the unsafe legal basis for the invasion of Iraq. The origin of those convictions, as he sets them out, lay in the brutal knowledge that two of his great-grandmothers, both widows, had been deported from Vienna to die in Theresienstadt and Treblinka during the Holocaust. In 2019, as a result of the hearings involving Elysé’s testimony, the judges at The Hague stated that the UK is under “…an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible, and that all member states must cooperate with the United Nations to complete the decolonisation of Mauritius”. At the same time that Brexiter government ministers were standing up in parliament to suggest that international law could be broken in certain circumstances and Tories boasted about plans to tear up human rights, the UN general assembly voted by an overwhelming majority in favour of setting a six-month deadline for the UK to withdraw from the Chagos Archipelago. The ruling hardly made the news. An illustration by Martin Rowson from The Last Colony. O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2004). The Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32611-7. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2009. Cuniberti, Gilles (8 October 2014). "The International Market for Contracts: The Most Attractive Contract Laws". Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 34 (3). Archived from the original on 25 September 2020 . Retrieved 30 October 2020.To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of colonial trade remained in English hands, Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces—a series of Anglo-Dutch Wars—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. [43] In 1655, England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas. [44]

Brendon, Piers (2007). The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997. Random House. ISBN 978-0-224-06222-0. Hogg, p.424 chapter 9 English Worldwide by David Crystal: "approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English". Elkins, Caroline (2022). Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp.14–16, 680. ISBN 978-0307272423. In the East Indies, British and Dutch merchants continued to compete in spices and textiles. With textiles becoming the larger trade, by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch. [56] During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent, as the English East India Company and its French counterpart, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire. The Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the British defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, left the British East India Company in control of Bengal and as a major military and political power in India. [64] France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, ending French hopes of controlling India. [65] In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the Presidency Armies, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys, led by British officers. [66] The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756–1763) involving France, Britain, and the other major European powers. [45] Macintyre, Stuart (2009). A Concise History of Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51608-2. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021 . Retrieved 17 January 2021.Mulligan, Martin; Hill, Stuart (2001). Ecological pioneers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81103-3.