Hanelt, P., ed. (2001), Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (1sted.), Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1 Saffron". etymonline.com ( Online Etymology Dictionary), Douglas Harper. 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016. It breaks my heart but as with the other Byredo fragrances, the durability and sillage is unfortunately just bad. A working day he does not survive and is after a very short time unfortunately only skin perceptible. In short, as he is also perceptible on the skin. Main article: History of saffron A detail from the "Saffron Gatherers" fresco of the "Xeste 3" building. It is one of many depicting saffron; they were found at the Bronze Age settlement of Akrotiri, on the Aegean island of Santorini.

The various saffron crocus cultivars give rise to thread types that are often regionally distributed and characteristically distinct. Varieties (not varieties in the botanical sense) from Spain, including the tradenames "Spanish Superior" and "Creme", are generally mellower in colour, flavour, and aroma; they are graded by government-imposed standards. Italian varieties are slightly more potent than Spanish. Greek saffron produced in the town of Krokos is PDO protected due to its particularly high-quality colour and strong flavour. [52] Various "boutique" crops are available from New Zealand, France, Switzerland, England, the United States, and other countries—some of them organically grown. In the US, Pennsylvania Dutch saffron—known for its "earthy" notes—is marketed in small quantities. [53] [54] The yellow-orange colour of saffron is primarily the result of α-crocin. [35] This crocin is trans- crocetin di-(β-D- gentiobiosyl) ester; it bears the systematic (IUPAC) name 8,8-diapo-8,8-carotenoic acid. This means that the crocin underlying saffron's aroma is a digentiobiose ester of the carotenoid crocetin. [37] Crocins themselves are a series of hydrophilic carotenoids that are either monoglycosyl or diglycosyl polyene esters of crocetin. [37] Crocetin is a conjugated polyene dicarboxylic acid that is hydrophobic, and thus oil-soluble. When crocetin is esterified with two water-soluble gentiobioses, which are sugars, a product results that is itself water-soluble. The resultant α-crocin is a carotenoid pigment that may make up more than 10% of dry saffron's mass. The two esterified gentiobioses make α-crocin ideal for colouring water-based and non-fatty foods such as rice dishes. [39] Russo, E.; Dreher, M. C.; Mathre, M. L. (2003), Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology (1sted.), Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-7890-2101-4Monks, Keiron (3 September 2015). "Iran's homegrown treasure: the spice that costs more than gold". CNN . Retrieved 22 January 2016. Hill, T. (2004), The Contemporary Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices: Seasonings for the Global Kitchen (1sted.), Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-21423-6 Kafi, M.; Koocheki, A.; Rashed, M. H.; Nassiri, M., eds. (2006), Saffron (Crocus sativus ) Production and Processing (1sted.), Science Publishers, ISBN 978-1-57808-427-2

Fletcher, N. (2005), Charlemagne's Tablecloth: A Piquant History of Feasting (1sted.), Saint Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-34068-1 Saffron contains some 28 volatile and aroma-yielding compounds, dominated by ketones and aldehydes. [36] Its main aroma-active compounds are safranal – the main compound responsible for saffron aroma – 4-ketoisophorone, and dihydrooxophorone. [35] [36] Saffron also contains nonvolatile phytochemicals, [37] including the carotenoids zeaxanthin, lycopene, various α- and β- carotenes, as well as crocetin and its glycoside crocein, which are the most biologically active components. [35] [38] Because crocetin is smaller and more water-soluble than the other carotenoids, it is more rapidly absorbed. [38] Hussain, A. (28 January 2005). "Saffron Industry in Deep Distress". BBC News. London . Retrieved 15 September 2011. Kashmiri Saffron Producers See Red over Iranian Imports". Australian Broadcasting Corp. 4 November 2003 . Retrieved 29 September 2011.

International delivery

a b Hosseini A, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H (2018). "Pharmacokinetic Properties of Saffron and its Active Components". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 43 (4): 383–390. doi: 10.1007/s13318-017-0449-3. PMID 29134501. S2CID 23836415. that is, or may reasonably be considered to be submitted in extreme volumes and as such be deemed as ‘spam’; In late Ptolemaic Egypt, Cleopatra used saffron in her baths so that lovemaking would be more pleasurable. [96] Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all varieties of gastrointestinal ailments. [97] Saffron was also used as a fabric dye in such Levantine cities as Sidon and Tyre in Lebanon. [98] Aulus Cornelius Celsus prescribes saffron in medicines for wounds, cough, colic, and scabies, and in the mithridatium. [99] Western Europe [ edit ] Preserved "Safran", Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Karlsruhe, Germany

Asbaghi, Asya (1988). Persische Lehnwörter im Arabischen. Wiesbaden: O. Harrasowitz. ISBN 978-3447027571. OCLC 19588893.Hayes, A. W. (2001), Principles and Methods of Toxicology (4thed.), Taylor and Francis, ISBN 978-1-56032-814-8 Lak, Daniel (11 November 1998). "Kashmiris pin hopes on saffron". BBC News . Retrieved 11 September 2011. Abdullaev, F. I. (2002), "Cancer Chemopreventive and Tumoricidal Properties of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.)", Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.227, no.1, pp.20–5, doi: 10.1177/153537020222700104, PMID 11788779, S2CID 40798771, archived from the original on 3 December 2008 , retrieved 11 September 2011 a b Fierberg, Emma. "Why saffron is the world's most expensive spice". Business Insider . Retrieved 12 January 2020. a b Moshiri M, Vahabzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H (2015). "Clinical Applications of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Constituents: A Review". Drug Research. 56 (6): 287–295. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1375681. PMID 24848002.