The detection of glucose by test strips is based on the enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase. This enzyme catalyses the oxidation of glucose by atmospheric oxygen to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. A second linked reaction, mediated by a peroxidase, catalyses the reaction between the peroxide and a chromogen (a substance that acquires colour after a chemical reaction) to form a coloured compound that indicates the glucose concentration. [6]

Random specimen: for chemical or microscopic examination, a randomly collected specimen suitable for most screening purposes; Clinical suspicion of significant urological disease should be raised in people with haematuria with the following D615 (7 Test x 100) : Blood (b), Leucocytes (l), Nitrite (n), Glucose (g), Protein (p), Ketones (k) & PH (ph)Ketones: Clinical aspects > diabetes mellitus / fasting / vomiting / inborn errors of metabolism / ketoacidosis The non-contrast phase of CT can detect renal stones with sensitivity of 94% to 98%, compared with 52% to 59% for IVU.15 than a protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) for low concentrations of protein, and albumin is the predominant protein excreted

Macroscopic: large volumes of blood in the urine, which takes on a rose or dark colour, especially if left to stand; False positive reactions can be due to unusual pigments in the urine (for example, yellowy orange phenazopyridine metabolites, indican and the metabolites of the medicine Lodine ( Etodolac)). False negatives can also be given by poorly stored samples as the bilirubin is photosensitive and undergoes photo oxidation to biliverdin when it is exposed to light, or hydrolysis of the glucuronide can occur producing free bilirubin which is less reactive. [6] Urobilinogen test [ edit ] One of the kidneys’ important functions is to reabsorb water after glomerular filtration. The complex process of reabsorption is usually one of the first renal functions to be affected by disease. The specific gravity of urine is a measure of its density compared to H 2O and depends on the quantity and density of solutes (molecules with more mass per volume increase measure of specific gravity). The measurement of specific gravity should not be confused with the measurement of osmotic concentration, which is more related to the number of particles than with their mass. [7] to aid triaging for cystoscopy. There may still be a role for cytology in circumventing the need for cystoscopy in high-riskA computed tomography urogram (CTU) is regarded as the current gold standard for imaging in the investigation of visible Resistance to ascorbic acid - Combur-Test ® strips are protected by iodate against ascorbic acid interference with both glucose and hemoglobin determinations eliminating virtually false-negative results and the need to recollect and retest specimens.

the presence of proteinuria can also suggest endothelial/glomerular injury. The first step in assessment should be to

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a b c Strasinger, Susan K.; Di Lorenzo Schaub, Marjorie (2008). "5". Análisis de orina y de los líquidos corporales (in Spanish) (5ªed.). Editorial panamericana. pp.74–75. ISBN 978-950-06-1938-7 . Retrieved 14 March 2012. Carl Friedrich Gärtner (1772–1850) expressed a wish for an easy way of testing urine for disease at the patient's bedside. [24] The three ketone compounds appear in different proportions in the urine, although these proportions are relatively constant in different samples as both the acetone and the beta-hydroxybutyric acid are produced from the acetoacetic acid. The proportions are 78% beta-hydroxybutyric acid, 20% acetoacetic acid and 2% acetone.

proteinuria with haematuria include tubulointerstitial, renovascular or metabolic processes and generally occur without Urine can range from very diluted to very concentrated; its density is measured against pure water at room temperature and pressure. Specific gravity identifies the hydration of an individual – a well-hydrated person will have diluted urine whereas someone who is dehydrated will present with concentrated urine. The normal range of specific gravity is 1.001-1.035. The control of urinary ketone is particularly useful in managing and monitoring diabetes mellitus type 1. Ketonuria indicates an insulin deficiency that indicates the need to regulate its dosage. An increase in the blood concentration of ketone produces a water-electrolyte imbalance, dehydration and if not corrected, acidosis and in the end diabetic coma. Key: Blood (b), Leucocytes (l), Urbilinogen (u), Bilirubin (br), Nitrite (n), Specific Gravity (sg), Glucose (g), Protein (p), Ketones (k), PH (ph) eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 2 and haematuria is present the patient should be referred to nephrology regardlessapprox. 1900 - Reagent papers become commercially obtainable from the chemical company of Helfenberg AG. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is known to interfere with the oxidation reaction of the blood and glucose pad on common urine test strips. Some urine test strips are protected against the interference with iodate, which eliminates ascorbic acid by oxidation. [25] Some test strips include a test for urinary ascorbate. undiagnosed. 19, 20 Peak incidence occurs in the second or third decade of life. 21 In approximately