Pasda, K. Tierknochen als Spiegel sozialer Verhältnisse im 8.-15. Jh. in Bayern (Praehistoricaverlag, 2004). Hulme-Beaman, A., Dobney, K., Cucchi, T. & Searle, J. B. An ecological and evolutionary framework for commensalism in anthropogenic environments. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 633–645 (2016). Due to these characteristics, rats are often controlled and removed from areas where they can pose the greatest health risks to people, pets and other wildlife. Conservation Status:

Conroy, C. J. et al. Cryptic genetic diversity in Rattus of the San Francisco Bay region, California. Biol. Invasions 15, 741–758 (2013). NaF was injected intravenously via a tail vein into male (n = 15, 32.3 ± 6.4 MBq) and female rats (n = 18, 32.2 ± 4.5 MBq) under brief isoflurane/oxygen anaesthesia. The rats (n = 6 for each time point) were sacrificed via cardiac puncture under increased anaesthesia at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, or 360 min after injecting the tracer. Blood, urine, and organs of interest were removed, weighed, and measured for 18F-radioactivity in a NaI(Tl) well counter (3 × 3-inch, Bicron, Newbury, USA). The uptake of 18F-radioactivity was expressed as the percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue (% inj.dose/g) or as the organ-to-blood ratio. The binding of [ 18F]fluoride to plasma proteins was determined by ultrafiltration, as previously described [ 11]. We used a haematocrit value of 41% [ 12] for calculating the portion of [ 18F]fluoride that bound to erythrocytes. The forest south-east of Rellekka (by the swaying tree, north-west of fairy ring A J R), throughout Miscellania, throughout Tirannwn, Nature Altar (with telegrab).

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Brenner W, Vernon C, Muzi M, Mankoff DA, Link JM, Conrad EU, et al. Comparison of different quantitative approaches to 18F-fluoride PET scans. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1493–500. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA Park-Holohan SJ, Blake GM, Fogelman I. Quantitative studies of bone using 18F-fluoride and 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate: evaluation of renal and whole-blood kinetics. Nucl Med Commun. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006231-200109000-00014.

Boivin, N. Proto-globalisation and biotic exchange in the old world. In Human Dispersal and Species Movement from Prehistory to the Present (eds Boivin, N., Crassard, R. & Petraglia, M.) 349–408 (Cambridge University Press, 2017). Aplin, K. P., Brown, P., Jacob, J., Krebs, C. J. & Singleton, G. R. Field Methods for Rodent Studies in Asia and the Indo-Pacific (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 2003). Jiggig, south of Castle Wars (partial completion of Zogre Flesh Eaters recommended but not strictly required, fairy ring B K P) Use an ogre bow and ogre arrows, comp ogre bow and brutal arrows or Crumble Undead casts Throughout the Kharidian Desert (north of Nardah and south-west of Ruins of Uzer (near fairy ring D L Q); also found at the same location as the vultures, north-west of Agility Pyramid). White, L. A. & Mordechai, L. Modeling the Justinianic Plague: comparing hypothesized transmission routes. PLoS One 15, e0231256 (2020).Under the grave east of Fenkenstrain's Castle (requires partial completion of Creature of Fenkenstrain), manhole east of Taverley POH or mouse experiments (requires partial completion of Grim Tales).

Extractions performed in Jena followed a silica-based protocol 102 using 50 mg of bone powder. Extractions performed at the University of Oxford were conducted using the Dabney protocol with a modification of the addition of a 30 min pre-digestion stage 103. Extractions performed at the University of York were conducted using a silica-based protocol 104 modified to include a DNA concentration step using a centrifugal filter 105. Smith, D. & Kenward, H. Roman grain pests in Britain: implications for grain supply and agricultural production. Britannia 42, 243–262 (2011). Blake GM, Park-Holohan SJ, Cook GJ, Fogelman I. Quantitative studies of bone with the use of 18F-fluoride and 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate. Semin Nucl Med. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1053/snuc.2001.18742.Hufthammer, A. K. & Walløe, L. Rats cannot have been intermediate hosts for Yersinia pestis during medieval plague epidemics in Northern Europe. J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 1752–1759 (2013). Matisoo-Smith, E. & Robins, J. Mitochondrial DNA evidence for the spread of Pacific rats through Oceania. Biol. Invasions 11, 1521–1527 (2009).