Roček, Z. (2000). "14. Mesozoic Amphibians" (PDF). In Heatwole, H.; Carroll, R. L. (eds.). Amphibian Biology: Paleontology: The Evolutionary History of Amphibians. Vol.4. Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp.1295–1331. ISBN 978-0-949324-87-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Figure 1. Crab-eating frog ( Fejervarya cancrivora) from southeast Asia which can tolerate daily influxes of seawater. (Credit: Bernard Dupont from France – CC BY-SA 2.0, Wikimedia Commons.) Long, David R. (1989). "Energetics and reproduction in female Scaphiopus multiplicatus from Western Texas". Journal of Herpetology. 23 (2): 176–179. doi: 10.2307/1564026. JSTOR 1564026. In fresh water, frogs have a body salt content much higher than the surrounding water and therefore tend to absorb water by osmosis and lose salts by diffusion through the skin. However, they have a physiology that compensates for this and they survive. In seawater, they would be immersed in a medium much more concentrated than their body fluids, especially blood; they would lose water rapidly and gain salts, processes for which their physiology cannot compensate, so they would die. The eyes of most frogs are located on either side of the head near the top and project outwards as hemispherical bulges. They provide binocular vision over a field of 100° to the front and a total visual field of almost 360°. [80] They may be the only part of an otherwise submerged frog to protrude from the water. Each eye has closable upper and lower lids and a nictitating membrane which provides further protection, especially when the frog is swimming. [81] Members of the aquatic family Pipidae have the eyes located at the top of the head, a position better suited for detecting prey in the water above. [80] The irises come in a range of colours and the pupils in a range of shapes. The common toad ( Bufo bufo) has golden irises and horizontal slit-like pupils, the red-eyed tree frog ( Agalychnis callidryas) has vertical slit pupils, the poison dart frog has dark irises, the fire-bellied toad ( Bombina spp.) has triangular pupils and the tomato frog ( Dyscophus spp.) has circular ones. The irises of the southern toad ( Anaxyrus terrestris) are patterned so as to blend in with the surrounding camouflaged skin. [81]

Iskandar, Djoko Tjahono (1998). Amfibi Jawa dan Bali. Bogor (Indonesia): Puslitbang Biologi - LIPI. ISBN 979-579-015-3. tadpole, n.1.". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Kelber, Almut; Yovanovich, Carola; Olsson, Peter (2017-04-05). "Thresholds and noise limitations of colour vision in dim light". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 372 (1717): 20160065. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0065. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 5312015. PMID 28193810. anuran, n. and adj.". Oxford English Dictionary (Onlineed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Gomez-Mestre, I. & Tejedo, M. (2005) Adaptation or exaptation? An experimental test of hypotheses on the origin of salinity tolerance in Bufo calamita. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 18: 847–855.A really fantastic feature of this housing is that is comes with full button access and zoom controls (for certain lenses only) enabling you to toggle will all of the camera settings to your hearts content while in the water. Such full button access and zoom capability is not common place within the industry and is usually reserved for top line water housings. The buttons are easy to use, responsive and soft on the touch. However, just be careful not to bump the flash button as this will pop the flash up inside the housing which you cannot retract with out opening the housing. Accidentally triggering the flash can potentially ruin an epic session in the water...believe me I know this from some very painful experiences in the past. One tip to prevent this is to tape down the flash on the actual camera itself so it is more difficult to trigger it. In South America, cane toads can be almost fifteen centimetres long. Sometimes they're even called giant toads. They have dry bumpy skin with ridges over their eyes. Cane toads are good at finding food with their sense of smell. They eat all sorts of things - plants, small creatures, even birds. They're poisonous, so most animals can't eat them. Boisvert, Adam (2007-10-23). " Barbourula kalimantanensis". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley . Retrieved 2012-07-09.

G. Carnevale1 & T.W. Pietsch: Filling the gap: a fossil frogfish, genus Antennarius (Teleostei, Lophiiformes, Antennariidae), from the Miocene of Algeria Abstract [ dead link]

Sony A7S III UW camera housing kit with 6" Dome port V.7 (and Flat Long port).Black

a b Minott, Kevin (2010-05-15). "How frogs jump". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04 . Retrieved 2012-06-10. Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H., eds. (2004). Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, North America): The Dinosauria (2nded.). University of California Press. pp.530–532. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. Frogfish have small, round gill openings behind their pectoral fins. With the exception of Butler's frogfish and the rough anglerfish, frogfish use a gas bladder to control their buoyancy. [ citation needed] Mimicry and camouflage [ edit ] A frogfish disguised as an algae-covered stone

At the other extreme, the striped burrowing frog ( Cyclorana alboguttata) regularly aestivates during the hot, dry season in Australia, surviving in a dormant state without access to food and water for nine or ten months of the year. It burrows underground and curls up inside a protective cocoon formed by its shed skin. Researchers at the University of Queensland have found that during aestivation, the metabolism of the frog is altered and the operational efficiency of the mitochondria is increased. This means that the limited amount of energy available to the comatose frog is used in a more efficient manner. This survival mechanism is only useful to animals that remain completely unconscious for an extended period of time and whose energy requirements are low because they are cold-blooded and have no need to generate heat. [98] Other research showed that, to provide these energy requirements, muscles atrophy, but hind limb muscles are preferentially unaffected. [99] Frogs have been found to have upper critical temperatures of around 41 degrees Celsius. [100] Locomotion Tatsunori, Seki; Sakae, Kikuyama; Noboru, Yanaihara (1995-10-15). "Morphology of the skin glands of the crab-eating frog: Rana cancrivora". Zoological Science. 12 (5): 623–6. doi: 10.2108/zsj.12.623. S2CID 86285729.Roberts, Dale; Hero, Jean-Marc (2011). " Heleioporus albopunctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011 . Retrieved 2012-06-16. Gerhardt, H. C. (1994). "The evolution of vocalization in frogs and toads". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 25: 293–324. doi: 10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.001453.