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The inferior part arises from the anterior surface of bodies of vertebrae T1-T3 and inserts into the anterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C6. Depending on the type, the primary function of muscle is to move the bones of the skeleton. However, muscles also enable the heart to beat and can be found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the intestines, uterus and stomach. Cell-to-cell communication is largely facilitated via gap junctions which are located close to openings in the basement membrane, allowing the regulation and propagation of contractile signals across the smooth muscle tissue. Obliquus capitis inferior, that arises from the spinous process of axis and inserts on the transverse process of atlas. a cross-striation which bisects the I band, marking the beginning and end of one sarcomere; serves as an anchoring point actin filaments
Striations in cardiac muscle are not as defined as those seen in skeletal muscle as they are slightly obscured by relatively large amounts of mitochondria and other organelles present in the cell (reflecting the higher metabolic demands of this tissue compared with skeletal muscle). Cardiomyocytes are connected at their ends by specialized junctional complexes known as intercalated discs; these serve to functionally couple all cardiomyocytes, thus allowing rapid propagation of signals for contraction across the heart muscle tissue. In light microscopy, they are identified as dark staining, irregularly arranged short lines which cross the cardiac muscle tissue, perpendicular to the fiber direction. Semispinalis capitis, that arises from the articular processes of vertebrae C4-C7 and transverse processes of vertebrae T1-T6. It then courses upwards to insert between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone.Generally, the main function of these muscles is positioning of the hyoid bone and coordination of the movements of the floor of the mouth and the hyoid bone while swallowing or vocalization. K.M. Baldwin and F. Haddad: The muscular system: Muscle plasticity. History of Exercise Physiology, (2014) p. 337
If the mandible is fixed, the mylohyoid elevates the hyoid bone and the floor of the mouth, which aids the act of deglutition by pressing the tongue against the hard palate. The splenius capitis originates from the spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T3 and the nuchal ligament, and inserts just below the lateral superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, and the mastoid process of temporal bone. Regardless of its morphology or type, muscle tissue is composed of specialized cells known as muscle cells or myocytes(myo- [muscle, Greek = mys]), commonly referred to as muscle fibers (all of these terms are interchangeable); this is due to their extensive length and appearance. The twitching phenomenon that happens in the early stage of sleep is called a hypnagogic massive jerk, or simply a hypnic jerk. It has also been referred to as a sleep start. There has been little research on this topic, but there have been some theories put forth.The name "strap muscles" comes from their long and flat shape, similar to a belt or strap 3. Clinical importance At its most basic level, muscle tissue is classified as either striated or non-striated/smooth based on the presence or absence of ‘striations’ (i.e. stripes/furrows) seen at a microscopic level; these are formed due to a particular arrangement of actin and myosin filaments within the myocyte (discussed below). A convergent (a.k.a. triangular) muscle has a broad origin with fascicles converging toward a single tendon of insertion. Such a muscle is triangular or fan shaped. One example is the pectoralis major muscle of the anterior thorax. During contraction, sarcomere length shortens due to ‘walking’ of the myosin filaments along the actin towards each z disc, pulling them centrally; this action in turn reduces the size of the H zone. This mechanism for contraction is known as ‘ sliding filament theory’.
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