Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. A. (2008). "Which are the dwarfs in the Solar System?". Icarus. 195 (2): 851–862. Bibcode: 2008Icar..195..851T. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.020. Emery, J. P.; Wong, I.; Brunetto, R.; Cook, J. C.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Stansberry, J. A.; Holler, B. J.; Grundy, W. M.; Protopapa, S.; Souza-Feliciano, A. C.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Lunine, J. I.; Hines, D. C. (26 September 2023). "A Tale of 3 Dwarf Planets: Ices and Organics on Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar from JWST Spectroscopy". arXiv: 2309.15230 [ astro-ph.EP]. The next closest known fusors to the Sun are the red dwarfs Barnard's Star (at 5.9ly), Wolf 359 (7.8ly), and Lalande 21185 (8.3ly). [220] The nearest brown dwarfs belong to the binary Luhman 16 system (6.6ly), and the closest known rogue or free-floating planetary-mass object at less than 10 Jupiter masses is the sub-brown dwarf WISE 0855−0714 (7.4ly). [221] Kallenrode, May-Britt (2004). Space Physics: An introduction to plasmas and particles in the heliosphere and magnetospheres (3rded.). Berlin: Springer. p.150. ISBN 978-3-540-20617-0. OCLC 53443301. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022. The outermost layer of the Solar atmosphere is the heliosphere, which permeates much of the Solar planetary system. Along with light, the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a plasma) called the solar wind. This stream of particles spreads outwards at speeds from 900,000 kilometres per hour (560,000mph) to 2,880,000 kilometres per hour (1,790,000mph), [64] filling the vacuum between the bodies of the Solar System. The result is a thin, dusty atmosphere, called the interplanetary medium, which extends to at least 100AU (15billionkm; 9.3billionmi). Beyond the heliosphere, large objects remain gravitationally bound to the sun, but the flow of matter in the interstellar medium homogenizes the distribution of micro-scale objects (see §Farthest regions). [65]

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The four outer planets, also called giant planets or Jovian planets, collectively make up 99% of the mass known to orbit the Sun. [f] Jupiter and Saturn are together more than 400 times the mass of Earth and consist overwhelmingly of the gases hydrogen and helium, hence their designation as gas giants. [129] Uranus and Neptune are far less massive—less than 20 Earth masses ( M 🜨) each—and are composed primarily of ice. For these reasons, some astronomers suggest they belong in their own category, ice giants. [130] All four giant planets have rings, although only Saturn's ring system is easily observed from Earth. The term superior planet designates planets outside Earth's orbit and thus includes both the outer planets and Mars. [89] a b c Podolak, M.; Weizman, A.; Marley, M. (December 1995). "Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune". Planetary and Space Science. 43 (12): 1517–1522. Bibcode: 1995P&SS...43.1517P. doi: 10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5.

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a b c Delsanti, Audrey; Jewitt, David (2006). "The Solar System Beyond The Planets" (PDF). Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2007.

Main article: Giant planet The outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, compared to the inner planets Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury at the bottom right a b Krasinsky, G. A.; Pitjeva, E. V.; Vasilyev, M. V.; Yagudina, E. I. (July 2002). "Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt". Icarus. 158 (1): 98–105. Bibcode: 2002Icar..158...98K. doi: 10.1006/icar.2002.6837. Pappalardo, R. T. (1999). "Geology of the Icy Galilean Satellites: A Framework for Compositional Studies". Brown University. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 January 2006. A dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be made near-spherical by its own gravity but that has not cleared planetesimals from its neighborhood and is also not a satellite. [4] Dwarf planets are considered planets by some planetologists but not by the IAU. [5] The IAU has recognized four other bodies in the Solar System as dwarf planets: Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. [6] [7] Other objects commonly accepted as dwarf planets include Gonggong, Sedna, Orcus, and Quaoar. In a reference to Pluto, other dwarf planets orbiting in the trans-Neptunian region are sometimes called "plutoids", [8] though this term is seldom used. Short-period comets have orbits lasting less than two hundred years. Long-period comets have orbits lasting thousands of years. Short-period comets are thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, whereas long-period comets, such as Hale–Bopp, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. Many comet groups, such as the Kreutz sungrazers, formed from the breakup of a single parent. [152] Some comets with hyperbolic orbits may originate outside the Solar System, but determining their precise orbits is difficult. [153] Old comets whose volatiles have mostly been driven out by solar warming are often categorised as asteroids. [154] Trans-Neptunian region Distribution and size of trans-Neptunian objects. The horizontal axis stand for the semi-major axis of the body, the vertical axis stands for the inclination of the orbit, and the size of the circle stands for the relative size of the object. Size comparison of some large TNOs with Earth: Pluto and its moons, Eris, Makemake, Haumea, Sedna, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, Salacia, and 2002 MS 4.

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If the Sun–Neptune distance is scaled to 100 metres (330ft), then the Sun would be about 3cm (1.2in) in diameter (roughly two-thirds the diameter of a golf ball), the giant planets would be all smaller than about 3mm (0.12in), and Earth's diameter along with that of the other terrestrial planets would be smaller than a flea (0.3mm or 0.012in) at this scale. [63] Interplanetary environment The zodiacal light, caused by interplanetary dust a b c Zabludoff, Ann. "Lecture 13: The Nebular Theory of the origin of the Solar System". NATS 102: The Physical Universe. University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2006.

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The Solar System". Nine Planets. Archived from the original on 17 October 2000 . Retrieved 15 February 2007. Makemake (45.79AU average from the Sun), although smaller than Pluto, is the largest known object in the classical Kuiper belt (that is, a Kuiper belt object not in a confirmed resonance with Neptune). Makemake is the brightest object in the Kuiper belt after Pluto. Discovered in 2005, it was officially named in 2009. [166] Its orbit is far more inclined than Pluto's, at 29°. [167] It has one known moon. [168] Nagasawa, M.; Thommes, E. W.; Kenyon, S. J.; Bromley, B. C.; Lin, D. N. C. (2007). "The Diverse Origins of Terrestrial-Planet Systems" (PDF). In Reipurth, B.; Jewitt, D.; Keil, K. (eds.). Protostars and Planets V. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp.639–654. Bibcode: 2007prpl.conf..639N. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 10 April 2022. Cassini Passes Through Asteroid Belt". NASA. 14 April 2000. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved 1 March 2021.

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Greaves, Jane S. (7 January 2005). "Disks Around Stars and the Growth of Planetary Systems". Science. 307 (5706): 68–71. Bibcode: 2005Sci...307...68G. doi: 10.1126/science.1101979. PMID 15637266. S2CID 27720602. Williams, David R. (7 September 2006). "Saturn Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2007. Standish, E. M. (April 2005). "The Astronomical Unit now". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 2004: 163–179. Bibcode: 2005tvnv.conf..163S. doi: 10.1017/S1743921305001365. S2CID 55944238.Kargel, J. S. (1994). "Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 67 (1–3): 101–113. Bibcode: 1995EM&P...67..101K. doi: 10.1007/BF00613296. S2CID 54843498. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020 . Retrieved 25 August 2019. Whipple, Fred L. (1992). "The activities of comets related to their aging and origin". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 54 (1–3): 1–11. Bibcode: 1992CeMDA..54....1W. doi: 10.1007/BF00049540. S2CID 189827311.